tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24280105649737672392012-07-07T23:04:54.440-07:00Anti-cobra venom activity of plant Andrographis paniculataabhinav singhnoreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2428010564973767239.post-74180438507344625342012-07-07T22:57:00.001-07:002012-07-07T22:57:29.591-07:00Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>PA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> 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gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Raavi; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><b><i><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Andrographis paniculata</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><br /></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr style="height: 5.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" style="height: 5.85pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-alt: 5.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Scientific classification</span></b></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Plantae</span></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(unranked):</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Angiosperms</span></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(unranked):</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Eudicots</span></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(unranked):</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Asterids</span></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Order:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Lamiales</span></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Family:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Acanthaceae</span></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif";">Andrographis</span></i></span></div></td> </tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Species:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><i><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. paniculata</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Andrographis paniculata</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">herbaceous</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> plant in the family </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Acanthaceae</span></i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, native to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">India</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sri Lanka</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is widely cultivated in Southern and Southeastern </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asia</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, where it is used to treat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">infections</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and some diseases, often being used before </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antibiotics</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> were created. Mostly the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">leaves</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">roots</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> were used for medicinal purposes.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrographis paniculata </span></i><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a plant that has been effectively used in traditional Asian medicines for centuries. Its perceived “blood purifying” property results in its use in diseases where blood “abnormalities” are considered causes of disease, such as skin eruptions, boils, scabies, and chronic undetermined fevers. "e aerial part of the plant, used medicinally, contains a large number of chemicalconstituents, mainly lactones, diterpenoids, diterpene glycosides, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides. Controlled clinical trials report its safe and effective use for reducing symptoms of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Since many of the disease conditions commonly treated with <i>A. paniculata </i>in traditional medical systems are considered self-limiting, its purported benefits need critical evaluation. "is review summarizes current scientific findings and suggests further research to verify the therapeutic efficacy of <i>A. paniculata</i>. <i>A. paniculata</i>, known on the Indian subcontinent as Chirayetah and Kalmegh in Urdu and Hindi languages, respectively, is an annual plant, 1-3 ft high, that is one of the most commonly used plants in the traditional systems of Unani and Ayurvedic medicines. It is called Creat in English and is known as the “king of bitters.” It grows in hedge rows throughout the plains of India and is also cultivated in gardens. </span><b><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Kabeeruddin (1937) & Dymock (1972)]</span></b><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> It also grows in many other Asian countries and is used as a traditional herbal medicine in China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and "Tailand" aerial parts are most commonly used; however, the whole plant or roots are mentioned for certain limited purposes in some manuscripts. Traditionally, the plant was used as an infusion, decoction, or powder, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants. In modern times, and in many controlled clinical trials, commercial preparations have tended to be standardized extracts of the whole plant. Since many disease conditions commonly treated with <i>A. paniculata </i>in traditional medical systems are considered self-limiting, its purported benefits need critical evaluation. "is review summarizes current scientific findings and suggests areas where further research is needed.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distribution</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. paniculata</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is distributed in tropical Asian countries, often in isolated patches. It can be found in a variety of habitats, such as plains, hillsides, coastlines, and disturbed and cultivated areas such as roadsides, farms, and wastelands. Native populations of <i>A. paniculata</i> are spread throughout south India and Sri Lanka which perhaps represent the center of origin and diversity of the species. The herb is an </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">introduced species</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in northern parts of India, Java, Malaysia, Indonesia, the West Indies, and elsewhere in the Americas. The species also occurs in Hong Kong, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore, and other parts of Asia where it may or may not be native. The plant is cultivated in many areas, as well.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unlike other species of the genus, <i>A. paniculata</i> is of common occurrence in most places in India, including the plains and hilly areas up to 500 m, which accounts for its wide use. Since time immemorial, village and ethnic communities in India have been using this herb for treating a variety of ailments.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: ""sans-serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uses in Traditional Medical Systems </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.75pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">paniculata </span></i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">has been reported as having antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, choleretic, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and adaptogenic effects</span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.[</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bhatnagar., et al., 1961) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the Unani system of medicine, it is considered aperient, anti-inflammatory, emollient, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, gastric and liver tonic, carminative, antihelmintic, and antipyretic. Due to its “blood purifying” activity it is recommended for use in cases of leprosy, gonorrhea, scabies, boils, skin eruptions, and chronic and seasonal fevers</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<b>[</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kabeeruddin & </span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Italic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kitabul </span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1937</span></b><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Juice or an infusion of fresh leaves is given to infants to relieve griping, irregular bowel habits, and loss of appetite.</span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dymock & Chopra et al. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1972</span></b><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></b><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"e leaves and root are also used in general debility, during convalescence after fevers, for dyspepsia associated with gaseous distension, and in advanced stages of dysentery.</span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Khory RN & Katrak NN. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1972</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In China, the herb derived from the leaves or aerial parts of <i>A. paniculata </i>is known as Chuanxinlian, Yijianxi or Lanhelian. It is described as bitter and cold, is considered to be antipyretic, detoxicant, anti-inflammatory, and detumescent,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and is thought to remove “pathogenic heat” from the blood. <i>A. paniculata </i>is used for the treatment of pharyngolaryngitis, diarrhea, dysentery, cough with thick sputum, carbuncle, sores, and snake bites</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<b>[</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Chang and But </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1987</span></b><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Various preparations and compound formulas of the herb have been used to treat infectious and non-infectious diseases, with significant effective rates reported for conditions such as epidemic encephalitis B, suppurative otitis media, neonatal subcutaneous annular ulcer, vaginitis, cervical erosion, pelvic inflammation, herpes zoster, chicken pox, mumps, neurodermatitis, eczema, and burns</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<b> [</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Chang and But </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1987</span></b><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modern Uses</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A primary modern use of <i>A. paniculata </i>is for the prevention and treatment of the common cold. It appears to have antithrombotic actions, suggesting a possible benefit in cardiovascular disease.<b>[</b></span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amroyan et al. 1999]</span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pharmacological and clinical studies suggest the potential for beneficial effects in diseases like cancer </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(See et al., 2002, Sheeja,2007, Shi, 2008, Yang 2009) </span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and HIV infections.</span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Calabrese et al., 2000) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Medicinal use</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since ancient times, <i>A. peniculata</i> is used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic systems of medicine as well as in tribal medicine in India and some other countries for multiple clinical applications. From a biomedicinal perspective, the therapeutic value of Kalmegh is due to its mechanism of action which is perhaps by </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzyme induction</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The plant extract exhibits antityphoid and antifungal activities. Kalmegh is also reported<sup> </sup>to possess </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antihepatotoxic</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, antibiotic, antimalarial, antihepatitic, antithrombogenic, antiinflammatory,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></sup><b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[ Thiyagarajan et al. </span></b><b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2011</span></b><b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">] </span></b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anti-snake venom, and antipyretic properties to mention a few, besides its general use as an immunostimulant agent.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></b><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Burgos el al (</span></b><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2009)</span></b><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A study conducted at </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bastyr University</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, showed a significant rise in the mean </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">CD4 lymphocyte</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> level of HIV subjects after administration of 10 mg/kg andrographolide,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chang</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> & </span><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But., 1987)</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the chief constituent extracted from the leaves of the plant.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The herb has shown an ability to reduce inflammation and viral infection, and is used as a principal ingredient in traditional Chinese medicinal formulas against cold infection. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kate Wright (2009)]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In one Chilean study, the herb had a significant drying effect on the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nasal secretions</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cold</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sufferers who took 1,200 milligrams of andrographis extract daily for five days.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>[Cáceres & Hancke (1999)]</b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">randomized controlled trials</span></span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN">also suggested the herb alone or in combination with </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eleuthero</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> may be an appropriate alternative treatment of uncomplicated acute </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">upper respiratory tract infection</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.,</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>[Poolsup et al (2004) & Schulz V (2010) ]</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The herb is the well-known as Kalmegh 'green chiretta', and forms the principal ingredient of a household medicine ('alui'), used as a bitter tonic and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">febrifuge</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Tamils have been using Nilavempu - as it is called in Tamil - for centuries. In Siddha medicine, <i>Andrographis Paniculata</i> is used widely to treat fevers like chikenguinea, swine-flu, typhoid etc. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A recent study found <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> as effective as </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesalazine</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesalamine</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) in ulcerative colitis.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>[Tang & Targan (2011)]</b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Further, andrographolide inhibits interleukin-6 expression and suppresses prostate cancer cell growth </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">in vitro</span></i></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ hun JY & Tummala R (2010)]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrographis has been shown to be a safe traditional remedy for upper respiratory tract diseases </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Coon JT, Ernst E(2004)]</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The herb has been shown to inhibit RANTES secretion in inflamed bronchial cells.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RANTES is a chemo attractant for eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes that is stored in, and released by, platelets and activated T-cells </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Ko & Wei BL(2006)]</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. In related research: Andrographolide, an active ingredient in Andrographis, has been shown to be responsible for the herb's inflammatory modulating actions, including the reduction of cytokine and peritoneal deposition of neutrophils, and modulation of lung inflammation in vivo.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></sup></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Extracts of Andrographis exhibit potent inflammatory modulating and antioxidant actions in mouse models.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>[Sheeja K & Shihab PK(2006)] </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phytochemistry</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Andrographolide</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the major constituent extracted from the leaves of the plant which is a bicyclic diterpenoid </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">lactone</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. This bitter principle was isolated in pure form by Gorter </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1911)</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Such other activities as liver protection under various experimental conditions of treatment with </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">galactosamine</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> [</span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saraswat et al., 1995</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">], </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">paracetamol</span></span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Visen et al., 1993]</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> etc. are also attributed to Andrographolide. The hepatoprotective action of andrographolide is related to the activity of certain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">metabolic</span></span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">enzymes</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> [</span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Choudhury and Poddar, 1984, 1985; Choudhury et al., 1987</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]. Systematic studies on chemistry of <i>A. paniculata</i> have been carried out.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> [<b>Chao & Lin (2010)]</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some known constituents are:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"14-Deoxy-11-dehydroandrographolide - Plant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide - Plant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-Tetramethoxyflavone - Plant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrographine - Root</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrographolide - Plant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neoandrographolide - Plant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panicoline - Root</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paniculide-A - Plant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paniculide-B - Plant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: ""sans-serif"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mechanisms of Action</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-SemiboldCond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hepatoprotective Effects</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. paniculata </span></i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is extensively used as a hepatostimulant and hepatoprotective agent in Indian systems of medicine.</span><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Trivedi & Rawal (2001)]</span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>A. paniculata </i>is also an ingredient in several polyherbal preparations used as hepatoprotectants in India, </span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Ram VJ.(2001)]</span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">one of which has been reported as efficacious in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. </span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Rajkumar (2007)]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-SemiboldCond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Effects</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. paniculata </span></i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">has been extensively used to treat a variety of conditions of infectious origin in traditional systems of medicine. Modern research has investigated it for activity against various bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Crude powder suspended in water was reported to be devoid of <i>in</i> <i>vitro </i>antibacterial activity against Salmonella, Shigella, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, gram A Streptococci, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, even at a concentration of 25 mg/mL crude powder. Administration of a single oral dose of powder, up to 6 g, to healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover manner or daily administration of 0.12-24 g/kg body weight to rats for six months also failed to show any <i>ex vivo</i> antibacterial activity.</span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Leelarasamee et al (1990)] </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-SemiboldCond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cardiovascular Effects</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aqueous extract of <i>A. paniculata </i>produced a dose-dependent fall in systolic blood pressure of both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, with a corresponding significant decrease in plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and lipid peroxidation in kidneys in extract-treated SHRs. Decreases in ACE activity and lipid peroxidation were not significantly altered in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. </span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Zhang & Tan (1996)]</span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-SemiboldCond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antihyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Effects</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water extract of <i>A. paniculata </i>significantly prevents orally administered glucose-induced hyperglycemia in nondiabetic rabbits without affecting epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia. Chronic administration of the extract for six weeks also showed no effect on fasting blood glucose level. However, ethanol extract, administered orally twice daily for 14 days to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats significantly reduced fasting serum glucose and increased body weight in a dose-dependent manner </span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ Borhanuddin et al (1994)] </span></b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The extract also significantly lowered levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver and kidney compared to vehicle-treated rats, while significantly increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes and hepatic glutathione concentrations in diabetic rats.</span><span style="font-family: "ChaparralPro-Regular","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Zhang & Tan ( 2000)]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Kabeeruddin M. Kitabul Advia. Vol 2. Delhi, India: Aligarh Barqi Press; 1937:148.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Dymock W. Pharmacographia Indica. Karachi, Pakistan: "e Institute of Health and Tibbi Research, Hamdard National Foundation; 1972:45.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Bhatnagar SS, Santapau H, Desa JD, et al. Biological activity of Indian medicinal plants. I. Antibacterial, antitubercular and antifungal action. Indian J Med Res 1961;49:799-813.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Handa KL, Kapur LD. Indigenous Drugs of India. Calcutta, New Delhi, India: Academic Publishers; 1982:238.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Khory RN, Katrak NN. Materia Medica of India and !eir !erapeutics. Delhi , India: Neeraj Publishing House; 1984:64.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Chang HM, But PPH. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica. English translation by</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shem Chang-Shing Yeung, Sih Cheng-Yao and Lai-Ling Wang (Chinese Medicinal Material Research Centre, "e Chinese University of Hong Kong), Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd; 1987;2:918-928.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Amroyan E, Gabrielian E, Panossian A, et al. Inhibitory effect of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata on PAF-induced platelet aggregation. Phytomedicine 1999;6:27-31</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. See D, Mason S, Roshan R. Increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and natural killer</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cell (NK) function using an integrative approach in late stage cancers. Immunol Invest 2002;31:137-153.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Sheeja K, Guruvayoorappan C, Kuttan G. Antiangiogenic activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide. Int Immunopharmacol 2007;7:211-221.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Shi MD, Lin HH, Lee YC, et al. Inhibition of cell-cycle progression in human colorectal carcinoma Lovo cells by andrographolide. Chem Biol Interact 2008;174:201-210.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. Yang L, Wu D, Luo K, et al. Andrographolide enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis via caspase-8-dependent mitochondrial pathway involving p53 participation in hepatocellular carcinoma (SMMC-7721) cells. Cancer Lett 2009;276:180-188.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. Zhao F, He EQ, Wang L, Liu K. Anti-tumor activities of andrographolide, a diterpene from Andrographis paniculata, by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting VEGF level. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2008;10:467-473</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13. Calabrese C, Berman SH, Babish JG, et al. A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytother Res 2000;14:333-338.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata#cite_ref-3"><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">^</span></i></b></a></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> C.V., Thiyagarajan P., Deepak H.B., Agarwal A. , "In vitro modulation of LPS/calcimycin induced inflammatory and allergic mediators by pure compounds of Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) extract Chandrasekaran" International Immunopharmacology 2011 11:1 (79-84)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata#cite_ref-4"><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">^</span></i></b></a></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Burgos R.A., Hancke J.L., Bertoglio J.C., Aguirre V., Arriagada S., Calvo M., Cáceres D.D. "Efficacy of an Andrographis paniculata composition for the relief of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: A prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial" Clinical Rheumatology 2009 28:8 (931-946)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16. Calabrese, Carlo; Berman, Sheryl H.; Babish, John G.; Ma, Xinfang; Shinto, Lynne; Dorr, Melissa; Wells, Kameron; Wenner, Cynthia A. et al (2000). "A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers". Phytotherapy Research <b>14</b>(5): 333–8</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></i></b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kate Wright (2009). </span></i><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">"Natural Anti-Viral Support for Coughs and Congestion"</span></i><i><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">]</span></sup></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18. Poolsup, N.; Suthisisang, C.; Prathanturarug, S.; Asawamekin, A.; Chanchareon, U. (2004). "Andrographis paniculata in the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics <b>29</b> (1): 37–45. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">doi</span></i></a></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00534.x</span></i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">PMID</span></i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">14748896</span></i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: PA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.Schulz V. 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